Pilota baten altueraren kontrola Arduino eta Matlab erabiliz

Laburpena: gaur egun, mikrokontrolagailuek hartzen ari diren garrantziarekin, hainbat era garatu egin dira programak sortzeko, maila baxuko lengoaietatik, maila altukoetara. Gero eta konplexuagoak izaten diren heinean, gero eta maila altuago bat edukiko dute sailkapen simple bat eginez, adibidez hurrengoak daude: makina lengoaia, mihiztadura lengoaia, c lengoaia eta ingurune bisuala. Eman den mikrokontrolagailuen zabalkuntza programazio ingurune bisualak garatzea erakarri du, hainbat programazio ingurune bisual berri garatu egin dira, adibidez, Matlab eta Labview. Programa horiekin modelaketa egiten da, hain zuzen kontrol automatikoaren modelaketa. Programazio ingurune horiek, programazioa errazten dute. Proiektu honetan, PID kontrol bat garatuko da, pilota baten altuera haizagailu baten bitartez kontrolatzeko, horretarako bi gauza aztertuko dira, Matlab eta Arduino inguruneak ezberdintasunak ikusteko alde batetik, eta beste alde batetik, Matlab –en sentsorearen seinalea eskuratzeko aurretik zehaztutako blokeak erabiltzearen eta s-function blokea erabiltzearen ezberdintasunak ulertzeko.Resumen: con la importancia que están obteniendo los microcontroladores hoy en día, se han desarrollado numerosas formas para hacer programas, desde lenguajes de bajo nivel a lenguajes de alto nivel. Cuanto mayor nivel tengan tendrán mayor complejidad, haciendo una clasificacion simple, por ejemplo tenemos los siguientes: Lenguaje maquina, ensamblador, lenguaje en c y entorno visual. Con la difusión que se ha dado de los microcontroladores, se ha logrado desarrollar nuevos entornos visuales de programacion, como por ejemplo, Matlab y Labview. Con esos programas se hace modelado, concretamente modelado de control automatico. Esos entornos facilitan la programación. En este proyecto se va a desarrollar un control PID para controlar la altura de una bola con un ventilador, para ello se van comprobar dos cosas, por una parte los entornos Matlab y Arduino, para ver las diferencias entre uno y otro, por otra parte se van a comprobar los modos de captura de señal en Matlab para entender las diferencias de utilizar los bloques predefinidos en Matlab o utilizar el bloque s-function.Abstract: the microcontrollers are getting a lot of importance today; there are numerous ways to make programs that have been developed, from low-level languages to high-level languages. The higher the level, the more complex they will be. A simple classification, for example would be the following: Machine language, assembler, c language and graphic environment. With the diffusion of microcontrollers, it has been possible to develop new graphic programming environments, such as Matlab or Labview. Modeling can be made with these programs, specifically control modeling. These environments facilitate programming. In this project we are going to develop a PID control to control the height of a ball with a fan. In order to make this happen two things are going to be checked, on the one hand the Matlab and Arduino environments, to see the differences between one and the other, on the other hand the signal capture modes will be checked in Matlab to understand the differences of using the predefined blocks in Matlab or using the s-function block

The Role of Chest Compressions on Ventilation during Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

There is growing interest in the quality of manual ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but accurate assessment of ventilation parameters remains a challenge. Waveform capnography is currently the reference for monitoring ventilation rate in intubated patients, but fails to provide information on tidal volumes and inspiration–expiration timing. Moreover, the capnogram is often distorted when chest compressions (CCs) are performed during ventilation compromising its reliability during CPR. Our main purpose was to characterize manual ventilation during CPR and to assess how CCs may impact on ventilation quality. Methods: Retrospective analysis were performed of CPR recordings fromtwo databases of adult patients in cardiac arrest including capnogram, compression depth, and airway flow, pressure and volume signals. Using automated signal processing techniques followed by manual revision, individual ventilations were identified and ventilation parameters were measured. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau during CCs were characterized, and its correlation with compression depth and airway volume was assessed. Finally, we identified events of reversed airflow caused by CCs and their effect on volume and capnogram waveform. Results: Ventilation rates were higher than the recommended 10 breaths/min in 66.7% of the cases. Variability in ventilation rates correlated with the variability in tidal volumes and other ventilatory parameters. Oscillations caused by CCs on capnograms were of high amplitude (median above 74%) and were associated with low pseudo-volumes (median 26 mL). Correlation between the amplitude of those oscillations with either the CCs depth or the generated passive volumes was low, with correlation coefficients of −0.24 and 0.40, respectively. During inspiration and expiration, reversed airflow events caused opposed movement of gases in 80% of ventilations. Conclusions: Our study confirmed lack of adherence between measured ventilation rates and the guideline recommendations, and a substantial dispersion in manual ventilation parameters during CPR. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau caused by CCs did not correlate with compression depth or associated small tidal volumes. CCs caused reversed flow during inspiration, expiration and in the interval between ventilations, sufficient to generate volume changes and causing oscillations on capnogram. Further research is warranted to assess the impact of these findings on ventilation quality during CPR.This research was funded by the grant PID2021-126021OB-I00 by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe, and by the grant IT1590-22 by the Basque Government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Pilota baten altueraren kontrola Arduino eta Matlab erabiliz

Laburpena: gaur egun, mikrokontrolagailuek hartzen ari diren garrantziarekin, hainbat era garatu egin dira programak sortzeko, maila baxuko lengoaietatik, maila altukoetara. Gero eta konplexuagoak izaten diren heinean, gero eta maila altuago bat edukiko dute sailkapen simple bat eginez, adibidez hurrengoak daude: makina lengoaia, mihiztadura lengoaia, c lengoaia eta ingurune bisuala. Eman den mikrokontrolagailuen zabalkuntza programazio ingurune bisualak garatzea erakarri du, hainbat programazio ingurune bisual berri garatu egin dira, adibidez, Matlab eta Labview. Programa horiekin modelaketa egiten da, hain zuzen kontrol automatikoaren modelaketa. Programazio ingurune horiek, programazioa errazten dute. Proiektu honetan, PID kontrol bat garatuko da, pilota baten altuera haizagailu baten bitartez kontrolatzeko, horretarako bi gauza aztertuko dira, Matlab eta Arduino inguruneak ezberdintasunak ikusteko alde batetik, eta beste alde batetik, Matlab –en sentsorearen seinalea eskuratzeko aurretik zehaztutako blokeak erabiltzearen eta s-function blokea erabiltzearen ezberdintasunak ulertzeko.Resumen: con la importancia que están obteniendo los microcontroladores hoy en día, se han desarrollado numerosas formas para hacer programas, desde lenguajes de bajo nivel a lenguajes de alto nivel. Cuanto mayor nivel tengan tendrán mayor complejidad, haciendo una clasificacion simple, por ejemplo tenemos los siguientes: Lenguaje maquina, ensamblador, lenguaje en c y entorno visual. Con la difusión que se ha dado de los microcontroladores, se ha logrado desarrollar nuevos entornos visuales de programacion, como por ejemplo, Matlab y Labview. Con esos programas se hace modelado, concretamente modelado de control automatico. Esos entornos facilitan la programación. En este proyecto se va a desarrollar un control PID para controlar la altura de una bola con un ventilador, para ello se van comprobar dos cosas, por una parte los entornos Matlab y Arduino, para ver las diferencias entre uno y otro, por otra parte se van a comprobar los modos de captura de señal en Matlab para entender las diferencias de utilizar los bloques predefinidos en Matlab o utilizar el bloque s-function.Abstract: the microcontrollers are getting a lot of importance today; there are numerous ways to make programs that have been developed, from low-level languages to high-level languages. The higher the level, the more complex they will be. A simple classification, for example would be the following: Machine language, assembler, c language and graphic environment. With the diffusion of microcontrollers, it has been possible to develop new graphic programming environments, such as Matlab or Labview. Modeling can be made with these programs, specifically control modeling. These environments facilitate programming. In this project we are going to develop a PID control to control the height of a ball with a fan. In order to make this happen two things are going to be checked, on the one hand the Matlab and Arduino environments, to see the differences between one and the other, on the other hand the signal capture modes will be checked in Matlab to understand the differences of using the predefined blocks in Matlab or using the s-function block